France

Four periods of French church-state relations are treated here, represented by these documents:

• Napoleon's concordat (1801)

• Separation Law of Church and state (1905)

• Marshal Pétain’s laws (1940-1943) 

• The present under-the-radar concordats
 

	Napoleon's concordat and Organic Articles (1801): texts and commentary
	• Napoleon's concordat: Introduction and summary • Napoleon's concordat (1801): text  • Organic Articles: Introduction and summary  • Organic Articles (1801): text • Imperial catechism (1806) : Extract
	Separation of Church and state (1905)
	• France cancels the concordat • Law separating Church and State (1905): Excerpts • Ben Franklin's contribution to French secularism • French Secularism as precondition for human rights
	Marshal Pétain’s laws (1940-1943)
	This Nazi puppet regime quietly passed laws while Angelo Giuseppe Roncalli, the future John Paul II, served as papal nuncio in Paris. They amounted to a kind of creeping concordat to erode French secularism. • Marshal Pétain's marriage of convenience with the Church  • Text of Pétain's law of 25 December 1942 — his Christmas gift to the Church
	Under-the-radar concordats
	• Steady erosion of church-state separation in France today • Prominent Muslim feminist campaigns for secularism • Nicolas Sarkozy and the threat to French secularism   • About the Trinity-of-the-Mountains concordats (1828, 1974, 1999, 2005) • Concordat on church & convent of Trinity-of-the-Mountains, Rome (1974): text • Higher education concordat (2008): text